How Did the Modern Art Movement in America Start?

Artistic works produced during the menstruation extending roughly from the 1860s to the 1970s

Mod fine art includes creative work produced during the period extending roughly from the 1860s to the 1970s, and denotes the styles and philosophies of the fine art produced during that era.^[1] The term is unremarkably associated with art in which the traditions of the past have been thrown aside in a spirit of experimentation.^[ii] Modern artists experimented with new ways of seeing and with fresh ideas most the nature of materials and functions of fine art. A trend away from the narrative, which was feature for the traditional arts, toward abstraction is characteristic of much modern fine art. More recent artistic production is oft chosen contemporary fine art or postmodern fine art.

Modern fine art begins with the heritage of painters similar Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec all of whom were essential for the development of modern fine art. At the showtime of the 20th century Henri Matisse and several other young artists including the pre-cubists Georges Braque, André Derain, Raoul Dufy, Jean Metzinger and Maurice de Vlaminck revolutionized the Paris fine art globe with "wild", multi-colored, expressive landscapes and figure paintings that the critics chosen Fauvism. Matisse's two versions of The Trip the light fantastic toe signified a central signal in his career and in the development of mod painting.^[3] It reflected Matisse'south incipient fascination with primitive art: the intense warm color of the figures against the cool blue-green background and the rhythmical succession of the dancing nudes convey the feelings of emotional liberation and hedonism.

At the offset of 20th-century Western painting, and initially influenced by Toulouse-Lautrec, Gauguin and other late-19th-century innovators, Pablo Picasso made his starting time Cubist paintings based on Cézanne'south idea that all depiction of nature can be reduced to three solids: cube, sphere and cone. With the painting Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907), Picasso dramatically created a new and radical picture depicting a raw and primitive brothel scene with five prostitutes, violently painted women, reminiscent of African tribal masks and his own new Cubist inventions. Analytic cubism was jointly adult by Picasso and Georges Braque, exemplified by Violin and Candlestick, Paris, from about 1908 through 1912. Analytic cubism, the commencement articulate manifestation of cubism, was followed by Constructed cubism, practiced by Braque, Picasso, Fernand Léger, Juan Gris, Albert Gleizes, Marcel Duchamp and several other artists into the 1920s. Synthetic cubism is characterized past the introduction of unlike textures, surfaces, collage elements, papier collé and a large variety of merged subject field affair.^[iv] ^[5]

The notion of modern art is closely related to modernism.^[a]

History [edit]

Roots in the 19th century [edit]

Although modernistic sculpture and architecture are reckoned to accept emerged at the cease of the 19th century, the ancestry of modernistic painting tin can be located earlier.^[vii] The appointment perhaps most unremarkably identified as marking the birth of modern art is 1863,^[7] the year that Édouard Manet showed his painting Le déjeuner sur l'herbe in the Salon des Refusés in Paris. Earlier dates have as well been proposed, amid them 1855 (the yr Gustave Courbet exhibited The Creative person'southward Studio) and 1784 (the year Jacques-Louis David completed his painting The Oath of the Horatii).^[7] In the words of fine art historian H. Harvard Arnason: "Each of these dates has significance for the development of mod art, but none categorically marks a completely new first .... A gradual metamorphosis took place in the form of a hundred years."^[seven]

The strands of thought that eventually led to modernistic art can be traced back to the Enlightenment.^[b] The of import modern art critic Clement Greenberg, for instance, called Immanuel Kant "the beginning real Modernist" but also drew a distinction: "The Enlightenment criticized from the exterior ... . Modernism criticizes from the within."^[ix] The French Revolution of 1789 uprooted assumptions and institutions that had for centuries been accustomed with little question and accustomed the public to vigorous political and social debate. This gave rising to what fine art historian Ernst Gombrich called a "self-consciousness that made people select the style of their building every bit one selects the design of a wallpaper."^[10]

The pioneers of modernistic art were Romantics, Realists and Impressionists.^[eleven] ^{[ failed verification ]} By the late 19th century, additional movements which were to be influential in modern art had begun to sally: post-Impressionism and Symbolism.

Influences upon these movements were varied: from exposure to Eastern decorative arts, specially Japanese printmaking, to the coloristic innovations of Turner and Delacroix, to a search for more than realism in the delineation of mutual life, as found in the piece of work of painters such as Jean-François Millet. The advocates of realism stood against the idealism of the tradition-bound academic art that enjoyed public and official favor.^[12] The most successful painters of the day worked either through commissions or through big public exhibitions of their own work. At that place were official, government-sponsored painters' unions, while governments regularly held public exhibitions of new fine and decorative arts.

The Impressionists argued that people do non run into objects only only the calorie-free which they reflect, and therefore painters should pigment in natural lite (en plein air) rather than in studios and should capture the effects of low-cal in their piece of work.^[13] Impressionist artists formed a group, Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs ("Association of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers") which, despite internal tensions, mounted a serial of independent exhibitions.^[14] The mode was adopted by artists in unlike nations, in preference to a "national" style. These factors established the view that it was a "movement". These traits—establishment of a working method integral to the art, establishment of a movement or visible agile core of support, and international adoption—would be repeated by artistic movements in the Mod period in art.

Early 20th century [edit]

Among the movements which flowered in the commencement decade of the 20th century were Fauvism, Cubism, Expressionism, and Futurism.

During the years betwixt 1910 and the end of Earth State of war I and after the heyday of cubism, several movements emerged in Paris. Giorgio de Chirico moved to Paris in July 1911, where he joined his brother Andrea (the poet and painter known as Alberto Savinio). Through his brother he met Pierre Laprade, a member of the jury at the Salon d'Automne where he exhibited three of his dreamlike works: Enigma of the Oracle, Enigma of an Afternoon and Self-Portrait. During 1913 he exhibited his work at the Salon des Indépendants and Salon d'Automne, and his work was noticed by Pablo Picasso, Guillaume Apollinaire, and several others. His compelling and mysterious paintings are considered instrumental to the early beginnings of Surrealism. Vocal of Love (1914) is ane of the almost famous works by de Chirico and is an early example of the surrealist mode, though information technology was painted ten years earlier the move was "founded" by André Breton in 1924.

World War I brought an finish to this phase merely indicated the first of a number of anti-fine art movements, such as Dada, including the work of Marcel Duchamp, and of Surrealism. Creative person groups like de Stijl and Bauhaus developed new ideas about the interrelation of the arts, architecture, design, and fine art pedagogy.

Modern fine art was introduced to the U.s. with the Armory Show in 1913 and through European artists who moved to the U.S. during World War I.

After World War II [edit]

It was only after World War II, still, that the U.S. became the focal point of new creative movements.^[xv] The 1950s and 1960s saw the emergence of Abstruse Expressionism, Color field painting, Conceptual artists of Fine art & Linguistic communication, Popular art, Op fine art, Difficult-edge painting, Minimal art, Lyrical Abstraction, Fluxus, Happening, Video art, Postminimalism, Photorealism and various other movements. In the late 1960s and the 1970s, Land fine art, Performance art, Conceptual art, and other new art forms had attracted the attention of curators and critics, at the expense of more traditional media.^[16] Larger installations and performances became widespread.

Past the cease of the 1970s, when cultural critics began speaking of "the stop of painting" (the championship of a provocative essay written in 1981 by Douglas Crimp), new media art had become a category in itself, with a growing number of artists experimenting with technological means such as video art.^[17] Painting assumed renewed importance in the 1980s and 1990s, as evidenced past the ascent of neo-expressionism and the revival of figurative painting.^[18]

Towards the end of the 20th century, a number of artists and architects started questioning the idea of "the modern" and created typically Postmodern works.^[xix]

Fine art movements and artist groups [edit]

(Roughly chronological with representative artists listed.)

19th century [edit]

Romanticism and the Romantic move – Francisco de Goya, J. M. W. Turner, Eugène Delacroix
Realism – Gustave Courbet, Camille Corot, Jean-François Millet, Rosa Bonheur
Pre-Raphaelites – William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti
Macchiaioli – Giovanni Fattori, Silvestro Lega, Telemaco Signorini
Impressionism – Frédéric Bazille, Gustave Caillebotte, Mary Cassatt, Edgar Degas, Armand Guillaumin, Édouard Manet, Claude Monet, Berthe Morisot, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro, Alfred Sisley
Post-impressionism – Georges Seurat, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri Rousseau, Henri-Jean Guillaume Martin, Albert Lebourg, Robert Antoine Pinchon
Pointillism – Georges Seurat, Paul Signac, Maximilien Luce, Henri-Edmond Cross
Divisionism – Gaetano Previati, Giovanni Segantini, Pellizza da Volpedo
Symbolism – Gustave Moreau, Odilon Redon, Edvard Munch, James Whistler, James Ensor
Les Nabis – Pierre Bonnard, Édouard Vuillard, Félix Vallotton, Maurice Denis, Paul Sérusier
Fine art Nouveau and variants – Jugendstil, Secession, Modernistic Style, Modernisme – Aubrey Beardsley, Alphonse Mucha, Gustav Klimt,
Art Nouveau architecture and blueprint – Antoni Gaudí, Otto Wagner, Wiener Werkstätte, Josef Hoffmann, Adolf Loos, Koloman Moser
Early on Modernist sculptors – Aristide Maillol, Auguste Rodin

Early 20th century (earlier World War I) [edit]

Abstract fine art – Francis Picabia, Wassily Kandinsky, František Kupka, Robert Delaunay, Sonia Delaunay, Léopold Survage, Piet Mondrian, Kazimir Malevich, Hilma af Klint
Fauvism – André Derain, Henri Matisse, Maurice de Vlaminck, Georges Braque, Kees van Dongen
Expressionism and related – Die Brücke, Der Blaue Reiter – Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Wassily Kandinsky, Franz Marc, Egon Schiele, Oskar Kokoschka, Emil Nolde, Axel Törneman, Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, Max Pechstein
Cubism – Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Fernand Léger, Robert Delaunay, Henri Le Fauconnier, Marcel Duchamp, Jacques Villon, Francis Picabia, Juan Gris
Futurism – Giacomo Balla, Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà, Gino Severini, Natalia Goncharova, Mikhail Larionov
Orphism – Robert Delaunay, Sonia Delaunay, František Kupka
Suprematism – Kazimir Malevich, Alexander Rodchenko, El Lissitzky
Synchromism – Stanton Macdonald-Wright, Morgan Russell
Vorticism – Wyndham Lewis
Sculpture – Constantin Brâncuși, Joseph Csaky, Alexander Archipenko, Raymond Duchamp-Villon, Jacques Lipchitz, Ossip Zadkine, Henri Laurens, Elie Nadelman, Chaim Gross, Chana Orloff, Jacob Epstein, Gustave Miklos
Photography – Pictorialism, Directly photography

World War I to World War II [edit]

Dada – Jean Arp, Marcel Duchamp, Max Ernst, Francis Picabia, Kurt Schwitters
Surrealism – Marc Chagall, René Magritte, Jean Arp, Salvador Dalí, Max Ernst, Giorgio de Chirico, André Masson, Joan Miró
Expressionism and related: Chaim Soutine, Abraham Mintchine
Pittura Metafisica – Giorgio de Chirico, Carlo Carrà, Giorgio Morandi
De Stijl – Theo van Doesburg, Piet Mondrian
New Objectivity – Max Beckmann, Otto Dix, George Grosz
Figurative painting – Henri Matisse, Pierre Bonnard
American Modernism – Stuart Davis, Arthur Grand. Dove, Marsden Hartley, Georgia O'Keeffe
Constructivism – Naum Gabo, Gustav Klutsis, László Moholy-Nagy, El Lissitzky, Kasimir Malevich, Vadim Meller, Alexander Rodchenko, Vladimir Tatlin
Bauhaus – Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Josef Albers
Scottish Colourists – Francis Cadell, Samuel Peploe, Leslie Hunter, John Duncan Fergusson
Social realism – Grant Wood, Walker Evans, Diego Rivera
Precisionism – Charles Sheeler, Charles Demuth
Boychukism - Mykhailo Boychuk, Sofiya Nalepinska-Boychuk, Ivan Padalka, Vasily Sedlyar
Sculpture – Alexander Calder, Alberto Giacometti, Gaston Lachaise, Henry Moore, Pablo Picasso, Julio Gonzalez

After World State of war Two [edit]

Figuratifs – Bernard Buffet, Jean Carzou, Maurice Boitel, Daniel du Janerand, Claude-Max Lochu
Sculpture – Henry Moore, David Smith, Tony Smith, Alexander Calder, Isamu Noguchi,^[20] Alberto Giacometti, Sir Anthony Caro, Jean Dubuffet, Isaac Witkin, René Iché, Marino Marini, Louise Nevelson, Albert Vrana
Abstract expressionism – Joan Mitchell, Willem de Kooning, Jackson Pollock, Arshile Gorky, Hans Hofmann, Franz Kline, Robert Motherwell, Clyfford Still, Lee Krasner,
American Abstract Artists – Ilya Bolotowsky, Ibram Lassaw, Ad Reinhardt, Josef Albers, Burgoyne Diller
Art Brut – Adolf Wölfli, Baronial Natterer, Ferdinand Cheval, Madge Gill
Arte Povera – Jannis Kounellis, Luciano Fabro, Mario Merz, Piero Manzoni, Alighiero Boetti
Color field painting – Barnett Newman, Mark Rothko, Adolph Gottlieb, Sam Francis, Morris Louis, Kenneth Noland, Jules Olitski, Helen Frankenthaler
Tachisme – Jean Dubuffet, Pierre Soulages, Hans Hartung, Ludwig Merwart
COBRA – Pierre Alechinsky, Karel Appel, Asger Jorn
Conceptual fine art – Art & Language, Dan Graham, Lawrence Weiner, Bruce Nauman, Daniel Buren, Victor Burgin, Sol LeWitt
De-collage – Wolf Vostell, Mimmo Rotella
Neo-Dada – Robert Rauschenberg, Jasper Johns, John Chamberlain, Joseph Beuys, Lee Bontecou, Edward Kienholz
Figurative Expressionism – Larry Rivers, Grace Hartigan, Elaine de Kooning, Robert De Niro, Sr., Lester Johnson, George McNeil, Earle M. Pilgrim, Jan Müller, Robert Beauchamp, Bob Thompson
Feminist Art — Eva Hesse, Judy Chicago, Barbara Kruger, Mary Beth Edelson, Ewa Partum, Valie Export, Yoko Ono, Louise Bourgeois, Cindy Sherman, Kiki Smith, Guerrilla Girls, Hannah Wilke
Fluxus – George Maciunas, Joseph Beuys, Wolf Vostell, Nam June Paik, Daniel Spoerri, Dieter Roth, Carolee Schneeman, Alison Knowles, Charlotte Moorman, Dick Higgins
Happening – Allan Kaprow, Joseph Beuys, Wolf Vostell, Claes Oldenburg, Jim Dine, Red Grooms, Nam June Paik, Charlotte Moorman, Robert Whitman, Yoko Ono
Dau-al-Set – founded in Barcelona by poet/artist Joan Brossa, – Antoni Tàpies
Grupo El Paso [es; ca; pl] – founded in Madrid by artists Antonio Saura, Pablo Serrano
Geometric brainchild – Wassily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich, Nadir Afonso, Manlio Rho, Mario Radice, Mino Argento, Adam Szentpétery
Hard-border painting – John McLaughlin, Ellsworth Kelly, Frank Stella, Al Held, Ronald Davis
Kinetic fine art – George Rickey, Getulio Alviani
Land art – Ana Mendieta, Christo, Richard Long, Robert Smithson, Michael Heizer
Les Automatistes – Claude Gauvreau, Jean-Paul Riopelle, Pierre Gauvreau, Fernand Leduc, Jean-Paul Mousseau, Marcelle Ferron
Minimal art – Sol LeWitt, Donald Judd, Dan Flavin, Richard Serra, Agnes Martin
Postminimalism – Eva Hesse, Bruce Nauman, Lynda Benglis
Lyrical brainchild – Ronnie Landfield, Sam Gilliam, Larry Zox, Dan Christensen, Natvar Bhavsar, Larry Poons
Neo-figurative fine art – Fernando Botero, Antonio Berni
Neo-expressionism – Georg Baselitz, Anselm Kiefer, Jörg Immendorff, Jean-Michel Basquiat
Transavanguardia – Francesco Clemente, Mimmo Paladino, Sandro Chia, Enzo Cucchi
Figuration libre – Hervé Di Rosa, François Boisrond, Robert Combas
New realism – Yves Klein, Pierre Restany, Arman
Op fine art – Victor Vasarely, Bridget Riley, Richard Anuszkiewicz, Jeffrey Steele
Outsider art – Howard Finster, Grandma Moses, Bob Justin
Photorealism – Audrey Flack, Chuck Close, Duane Hanson, Richard Estes, Malcolm Morley
Pop art – Richard Hamilton, Robert Indiana, Jasper Johns, Roy Lichtenstein, Robert Rauschenberg, Andy Warhol, Ed Ruscha, David Hockney
Postwar European figurative painting – Lucian Freud, Francis Bacon, Frank Auerbach, Gerhard Richter
New European Painting – Luc Tuymans, Marlene Dumas, Neo Rauch, Bracha Ettinger, Michaël Borremans, Chris Ofili
Shaped canvas – Frank Stella, Kenneth Noland, Ron Davis, Robert Mangold.
Soviet art – Aleksandr Deyneka, Aleksandr Gerasimov, Ilya Kabakov, Komar & Melamid, Alexandr Zhdanov, Leonid Sokov
Spatialism – Lucio Fontana
Video art – Nam June Paik, Wolf Vostell, Joseph Beuys, Bill Viola, Hans Breder
Visionary art – Ernst Fuchs, Paul Laffoley, Michael Bowen

Notable modern fine art exhibitions and museums [edit]

Republic of austria [edit]

Leopold Museum, Vienna

Belgium [edit]

SMAK, Ghent

Brazil [edit]

MASP, São Paulo, SP
MAM/SP, São Paulo, SP
MAM/RJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ
MAM/BA, Salvador, Bahia

Republic of colombia [edit]

Bogotá Museum of Modern Art (MAMBO)

Croatia [edit]

Ivan Meštrović Gallery, Carve up
Modern Gallery, Zagreb
Museum of Contemporary Art, Zagreb

Ecuador [edit]

Museo Antropologico y de Arte Contemporaneo, Guayaquil
La Capilla del Hombre, Quito

Finland [edit]

EMMA, Espoo
Kiasma, Helsinki

France [edit]

Château de Montsoreau-Museum of Contemporary Art, Montsoreau
Lille Métropole Museum of Modern, Contemporary and Outsider Art, Villeneuve d'Ascq
Musée d'Orsay, Paris
Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, Paris
Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris
Musée Picasso, Paris
Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Strasbourg
Musée d'art moderne de Troyes

Germany [edit]

documenta, Kassel, an exhibition of modern and contemporary art held every 5 years
Museum Ludwig, Cologne
Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich

Republic of india [edit]

Center of International Modern Art [Wikidata] (CIMA),^[21] Kolkata
National Gallery of Mod Art, New Delhi
National Gallery of Mod Fine art, Bombay
National Gallery of Modern Fine art, Bangalore

Iran [edit]

Museum of Gimmicky Art, Tehran

Republic of ireland [edit]

Hugh Lane Gallery, Dublin
Irish Museum of Modern Art, Dublin

Israel [edit]

Tel Aviv Museum of Art

Italy [edit]

Palazzo delle Esposizioni
Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna
Venice Biennial, Venice
Palazzo Pitti, Florence
Museo del Novecento, Milan

United mexican states [edit]

Museo de Arte Moderno, México D.F.

Netherlands [edit]

Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam
Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam

Norway [edit]

Astrup Fearnley Museum of Modern Fine art, Oslo
Henie-Onstad Art Center, Oslo

Poland [edit]

Museum of Art, Łódź
National Museum, Kraków

Qatar [edit]

Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Fine art, Doha

Romania [edit]

National Museum of Contemporary Fine art, Bucharest

Russia [edit]

Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg
Pushkin Museum, Moscow
Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow

Serbia [edit]

Museum of Contemporary Art, Belgrade

Spain [edit]

Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona, Barcelona
Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid
Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, Madrid
Institut Valencià d'Art Modern, Valencia
Atlantic Center of Modern Art, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
Museu Picasso, Barcelona.
Museo Picasso Málaga, Málaga.

Sweden [edit]

Moderna Museet, Stockholm

Taiwan [edit]

Asia Museum of Modern Art, Taichung

United Kingdom [edit]

Estorick Collection of Modern Italian Art, London
Saatchi Gallery, London
Tate Britain, London
Tate Liverpool
Tate Modern, London
Tate St Ives

Ukraine [edit]

National Art Museum of Ukraine, Kyiv
Andrey Sheptytsky National Museum of Lviv, Lviv

The states [edit]

Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York
Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza Art Collection, Albany, New York
Guggenheim Museum, New York City, New York, and Venice, Italy ; more than recently in Berlin, Germany, Bilbao, Spain, and Las Vegas, Nevada
High Museum, Atlanta, Georgia
Los Angeles County Museum of Fine art, Los Angeles, California
McNay Art Museum, San Antonio, Texas
Menil Collection, Houston, Texas
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts
Museum of Modern Art, New York City, New York
San Francisco Museum of Mod Art, San Francisco, California
The Bakery Museum, Naples, Florida
Walker Fine art Heart, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Whitney Museum of American Fine art, New York City, New York

Run across also [edit]

20th century art
20th-century Western painting
Art manifesto
Art movements
Art periods
Conceptual art
Contemporary art
Gesamtkunstwerk
History of painting
List of 20th-century women artists
List of modernistic artists
Modern compages
Modernism
Postmodern fine art
Western painting

Notes [edit]

^ "One way of agreement the relation of the terms 'modern,' 'modernity,' and 'modernism' is that aesthetic modernism is a form of art characteristic of high or actualized late modernity, that is, of that menses in which social, economical, and cultural life in the widest sense [was] revolutionized by modernity ... [this means] that modernist art is scarcely thinkable outside the context of the modernized order of the belatedly nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Social modernity is the home of modernist art, even where that fine art rebels against information technology." — Lawrence E. Cahoone^[6]
^ "In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries momentum began to get together behind a new view of the world, which would eventually create a new world, the modernistic world." — Lawrence E. Cahoone^[viii]

References [edit]

^ Atkins 1997, pp. 118–119.
^ Gombrich 1995, p. 557.
^ Cloudless 1996, p. 114.
^ Scobie 1988, pp. 103–107.
^ John-Steiner 2006, p. 69.
^ Cahoone 1996, p. 13.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Arnason & Prather 1998, p. 17.
^ Cahoone 1996, p. 27.
^ Greenberg 1982, p. 5.
^ Gombrich 1995, p. 477.
^ Arnason & Prather 1998, p. 22.
^ Corinth et al. 1996, p. 25.
^ Cogniat 1975, p. 61.
^ Cogniat 1975, pp. 43–49.
^ Saunders 2013.
^ Mullins 2006, p. fourteen.
^ Mullins 2006, p. nine.
^ Mullins 2006, pp. 14–15.
^ Jencks 1987, p.^{[ folio needed ]}.
^ Lander 2006.
^ Times of Bharat Travel 2015.

Sources [edit]

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Atkins, Robert (1997). Artspeak: A Guide to Contemporary Ideas, Movements, and Buzzwords (2d ed.). New York: Abbeville Press Publishers. ISBN978-0-7892-0415-8. OCLC 605278894 – via Cyberspace Archive.
Cahoone, Lawrence (1996). From Modernism to Postmodernism: An Album . Cambridge, Mass: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN978-1-55786-602-8. OCLC 1149327777 – via Internet Annal.
"CIMA Art Gallery". Times of India Travel. 2015-06-30. Retrieved 2021-06-12 .
Cloudless, Russell (1996). Iv French Symbolists: A Sourcebook on Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, Gustave Moreau, Odilon Redon, and Maurice Denis. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN978-0-313-29752-6. OCLC 34191505.
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Corinth, Lovis; Schuster, Peter-Klaus; Vitali, Christoph; Butts, Barbara; Brauner, Lothar; Bärnreuther, Andrea (1996). Lovis Corinth. Munich; New York: Prestel. ISBN978-three-7913-1682-6. OCLC 35280519.
Greenberg, Clement (1982). "Modernist Painting". In Frascina, Francis; Harrison, Charles; Paul, Deirdre (eds.). Mod Art and Modernism: A Critical Album . In clan with the Open University. London: Harper & Row. ISBN978-0-06-318234-9. OCLC 297414909 – via Internet Archive.
Gombrich, Ernst H. (1995). The Story of Fine art . London: Phaidon Press Limited. ISBN978-0-7148-3355-2. OCLC 1151352542 – via Internet Annal.
Jencks, Charles (1987). Post-Modernism: The New Classicism in Art and Architecture . New York: Rizzoli. ISBN978-0-8478-0835-nine. OCLC 1150952960 – via Inernet Archive.
John-Steiner, Vera (2006). "Patterns of Collaboration amid Artists". Creative Collaboration. Oxford University Press. pp. 63–96. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195307702.003.0004. ISBN978-0-19-530770-2. OCLC 5105130725, 252638637.
Lander, David (Nov–December 2006). "Fifties Furniture THE SIDE Tabular array Every bit SCULPTURE". Shopping. American Heritage. American Clan for State and Local History. 57 (6). ISSN 2161-8496. OCLC 60622066. Archived from the original on 2007-10-twenty.
Mullins, Charlotte (2006). Painting people : figure painting today. New York: D.A.P./Distributed Art Pubs. ISBN978-one-933045-38-2. OCLC 71679906.
Saunders, Frances Stonor (2013-06-fourteen) [1995-x-22]. "Modern fine art was CIA 'weapon'". The Independent . Retrieved 2021-04-17 .
Scobie, Stephen (1988). "The Allure of Multiplicity: Metaphor and Metonymy in Cubism and Gertrude Stein". In Neuman, S. C.; Nadel, Ira Bruce (eds.). Gertrude Stein and the Making of Literature. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-08541-5_7. ISBN978-1-349-08543-9. OCLC 7323640453 – via Net Archive.

External links [edit]

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_art